Balancing work of tasks at a sending node of a transaction server

ABSTRACT

Aspects include balancing work of tasks at a sending node of a transaction server in a network. A method can include processing a task from the top of a work queue at the sending node, where the task is an instance of a transaction which requires a transaction message to be sent from the sending node using a network connection. The transaction message is divided into chunks of partial transaction sub-messages. For each chunk, it can be dynamically determined whether a pacing response indicator is required based on metrics that monitor the activity in the work queue and a number of chunks of the transaction message already sent.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to a sending node of a transaction serverin a network, and more specifically, to balancing work of tasks at asending node of a transaction server in a network.

An on-line transaction processing (OLTP) monitor, such as CICStransaction server for z/OS (CICS and z/OS are trademarks ofInternational Business Machines Corporation), contains a set ofinterfaces that it uses to communicate with other nodes in the networksthat it wishes to interact with. Once a connection is established tasks,which are instances of transactions, running under the monitor's controlcan then send and receive messages using these interfaces. The size ofthese messages can potentially be very large and those that are largemay be broken into smaller chunks that are transmitted separately andthen recombined by the target node that they are delivered to.

In a busy system, many concurrent tasks may be running that wish to makeuse of the same network connection. However messages can only betransmitted one at a time, and so tasks will queue while waiting fortheir message to be transmitted. If the message size is very large thenthis can cause significant delays for other tasks in the queue.

To address this, many network protocols support a mechanism calledpacing, which is intended to limit the number of message chunks that aresent before a task gives up control of the connection to allow others tomake use of it. This is typically implemented using a pacing indicatorwhich is added to a message chunk to indicate that no further chunkswill be transmitted until a reply is received. This causes the task tobecome suspended until the partner node returns a pacing responsemessage, after which it can re-join the queue of tasks waiting to usethe connection and then transmit the next set of message chunks.

The maximum number of chunks that a task can transmit is defined by themessage protocol that is being used. Some protocols used by transactionservers to communicate over a transmission control protocol/Internetprotocol (TCP/IP) network sets a limit of four chunks before a task isplaced into a pacing wait state. Such protocols then insert a pacingresponse indicator into the last chunk that is being transmitted,allowing the receiving node to recognize when it is being asked toreturn a pacing response message. This maximum number of chunks value isfixed for all tasks using a common network protocol and under somecircumstances this can adversely affect the efficiency of the overallworkload using a particular connection.

SUMMARY

According to embodiments, a method, system, and computer program productfor balancing work of tasks at a sending node of a transaction server ina network. A method can include processing a task from the top of a workqueue at the sending node, where the task is an instance of atransaction which requires a transaction message to be sent from thesending node using a network connection. The transaction message isdivided into chunks of partial transaction sub-messages. For each chunk,it can be dynamically determined whether a pacing response indicator isrequired based on metrics that monitor the activity in the work queueand a number of chunks of the transaction message already sent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The forgoing and other features, and advantages of the invention areapparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an example of a system in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an example method in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a more detailed example of a method inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an example of a further aspect of a methodin accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is block diagram of an example of a system in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a computer system or cloud server in whichan embodiment of the present invention may be implemented;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a cloud computing environment in whichan embodiment of the present invention may be implemented; and

FIG. 8 is a diagram of abstraction model layers of a cloud computingenvironment in which an embodiment of the present invention may beimplemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments described herein enable a sending node of a transactionserver, that has multiple clients with tasks requesting sending oftransaction messages, to see how many tasks are queued waiting for theconnection and to use this value to control whether a pacing indicatoris added to a current message.

Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram shows an example embodiment of asystem 100 in which the described method and system may be implemented.FIG. 1 shows a transaction server 110, such as an on-line transactionprocessing monitor (OLTP), which may receive tasks 121-123 from multipleclients 101-103 which wish to send transaction messages using a networkconnection 160 to a target node in a network.

The tasks 121-123 may wait in a work queue 120 of the transaction server110 until they are processed by a sending node 140. The sending node 140may include a formatting component 141 for formatting a message into asuitable format for transmission by a sending protocol. The sending node140 may include a chunking component 143 for dividing a transactionmessage into smaller chunks that are transmitted separately by thesending node 140 and then recombined by a target node that they aredelivered to. The sending node 140 may also include a pacing component142 for setting a pacing response indicator to a chunk of a message.

Multiple concurrent tasks may be running that wish to make use of thesame network connection 160. However, messages can only be transmittedone at a time, and so tasks will queue in the work queue 120 whilewaiting for their message to be transmitted. If the message size is verylarge then this can cause significant delays for other tasks in thequeue. To address this, the pacing component 142 limits the number ofmessage chunks that are sent before a task gives up control of theconnection 160 to allow other tasks to make use of it. A pacing responseindicator is added to a message chunk to indicate that no further chunkswill be transmitted until a reply is received. This causes the task towhich the message chunk belongs to become suspended until the targetnode returns a pacing response message, after which the task can re-jointhe work queue 120 of tasks waiting to use the connection 160 and thentransmit the next set of message chunks.

The described system includes a work balance component 150 at or incommunication with the sending node 140 that balances the transactionmessage sending including the setting of pacing response indicatorsdepending on a current depth of the work queue 120 as determined by awork queue monitor 130.

The queue depth may be checked by the work balance component 150 andthen a decision may be made as to whether or not to add a pacingresponse indicator to the current message chunk. This test may onlyapply to the processing of large messages, as those that do not requirechunking will not need a pacing response to be returned once they havebeen transmitted.

The work balance component 150 makes use of a rule that governs therelationship between queue depth and the maximum number of chunks that atask can transmit before waiting for a pacing response. The rule may bedynamically determined or may be configured by the persons controllingthe systems that support the node.

In an example embodiment, a task running in a transaction server maywish to send a large message to a target system. Having reached the topof the work queue for the connection that the task wants to use, thesending node, which may be a network management component, builds themessage into a format that can be transmitted through the network and,because it is a large message, breaks it in into a number of smallerchunks. The sending node may examine the rule that controls the pacingalgorithm and may inspect the depth of the queue of tasks waiting to usethe same connection, before deciding when to set the pacing responseindicator in the current message.

Referring to FIG. 2, a flow diagram 200 shows an example embodiment ofthe described method as carried out by a sending node of a transactionserver.

A task from a work queue is processed 201 that has a transaction messageto send over the network connection. The transaction message may bedivided 202 into chunks if the message is above a predefined size.

For each chunk, the described method may dynamically determine 203 if apacing response indicator is required. This dynamic determination 203may be based on metrics that monitor the activity of the work queue incombination with the number of chunks of the transaction message alreadysent. Further details of this dynamic determination are described inmore detail below.

If it is determined that a pacing response indicator is required and apacing response indicator is set 204, the task may be suspended untilthe pacing response is received from the target node. While the task issuspended, a next task from the work queue may be processed 205.

A pacing response indicator may be set more frequently for chunks whenthere is a high current depth of the work queue. This enables waitingtasks to have access to the network connection while other tasks awaitpacing responses from the target node. Each response message carries aunique identifier that is matched to a specific suspended task that thengets resumed.

On the other hand, if there is little demand on the network connection,the method also avoids forcing a task that is transmitting a very largemessage to repeatedly wait for pacing responses when there are no othertasks waiting to use the connection at that time.

In a situation in which there is a mixed workload, consisting of sometasks that transmit large messages while others send much smaller onesthat varies over time, the impact of pacing response waits on theoverall workload may be balanced so that not all the tasks are delayedbut only those which are sending large amounts of data.

Referring to FIG. 3, a flow diagram 300 shows a more detailed exampleembodiment of the described method.

A request may be received 301 from a task at the head of a work queue tosend a transaction message. It may be determined 302 if the message sizeis above a threshold message size. The threshold message size may beconfigured or set by a sending protocol as the maximum size of messagethat can be sent as an integral message. If the message size is belowthe threshold, the message may be sent 303 in a single operation withoutdividing the message into chunks. The method may then receive a nexttask request 312 from the work queue and the method may repeat for thenew request.

If the transaction message size is above the threshold message size, themessage may be divided into chunks 304. Each chunk may be built 305 intoan acceptable format for the network connection.

For each chunk, it may be dynamically determined if a pacing responseindicator is required 306. This may be carried out by determining andbalancing 307: a current depth of the work queue which indicates thecurrent demand on the network connection; a maximum number ofconsecutive chunks that may be transmitted for a message; and a numberof chunks already sent.

It may be determined 308 if a pacing response indicator is to be setbased on the balancing 307. If a pacing response indicator is not to beset, then it may be determined if there is another chunk in the currenttransaction message of the task. If so, the method loops to dynamicallydetermine 306 if a pacing response indicator is to be set in for thischunk. If there is not another chunk in the current transaction message,the method may receive a next task request 312 from the work queue andthe method may repeat for the new request.

If it is determined at 308 that a pacing response indicator is to be setfor a current chunk, a pacing response indicator is added 310 and thetask is suspended pending the pacing response. In the meantime, themethod may then receive a next task request 312 from the work queue andthe method may repeat for the new request.

When the suspended task resumes it then processes the pacing responseand if there are further chunks of its message that need sending itrejoins 311 the work queue for the connection that it has been using.

Referring to FIG. 4, a flow diagram 400 shows an example embodiment ofan aspect of the described method.

A current chunk may be received 401 to which a balancing rule may beapplied to determine if a pacing response indicator is required to beset.

It may be determined 402 if the work queue is currently empty. If so,the current chunk may be sent 403 without a pacing response indicator asthere are no tasks waiting in the work queue. The method may thenproceed 404 to the next chunk in the transaction message of the task andthe method may repeat.

If the work queue is determined 402 to not be empty, it may bedetermined 405 if the work queue depth is less than a threshold queuedepth. If it is less than a threshold queue depth, then it may bedetermined 406 if the current number of consecutive chunks that havebeen sent for the transaction message since the beginning of the messageor since a last pacing response was set, is below a maximum number ofchunks. If the number of chunks is less than the maximum, then thecurrent chunk may be sent 407 without a pacing response indicator. Themethod may then proceed 404 to the next chunk in the transaction messageof the task and the method may repeat.

If it is determined at 405 that that current work queue depth is notless than the threshold work queue depth, then a pacing responseindicator may be set 408 and the task suspended until a pacing responseis received. A next task from the work queue may be processed 409.

If it is determined at 406, that a maximum number of consecutive chunkshave been sent, then a pacing response indicator may be set 408 and thetask suspended until a pacing response is received. A next task from thework queue may be processed 409.

A further aspect of this solution permits the sending node to beconfigured so that the thresholds of the work queue depth and/or numberof consecutive chunks that may be sent are explicitly specified by thepersons responsible for the sending node.

The described method decides when to request a pacing response based onthe current activity of the network connection that it is using. It doesnot expect a pacing response following every chuck that is transmitted.The sending node adjusts the frequency of pacing responses using metricsthat monitor activity within the system that is making use of thecurrent network connection node.

The described method is not concerned with the transport layer andinstead focuses on the activity of a network node that is being used bymultiple clients to route work across a network. The described methodconcerns itself with actions against the socket layer. These actions bya network node relate to the redistribution of access to a networksocket among a number of concurrent client processes, some or all ofwhich intend sending large messages through it.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an example embodiment of the describedsystem in which a sending node 140 which may be a network managementcomponent is provided that includes at least one processor 501, ahardware module, or a circuit for executing the functions of thedescribed components which may be software units executing on the atleast one processor. Memory 502 may be configured to provide computerinstructions 503 to the at least one processor 501 to carry out thefunctionality of the components.

As described in relation to FIG. 1, the sending node 140 may include aformatting component 141 for formatting messages or message chunks forsending via a network connection, a chunking component 143 for dividinga transaction message into message chunks, and a pacing component 142for adding a pacing response indicator to a message chunk.

The sending node 140 may include a transaction message size component512 for determining if a transaction message is below a thresholdmessage size that may be sent as a single operation without dividing themessage into chunks.

The sending node 140 may also include a suspending component 514 forsuspending a task when a pacing response indicator has been sent whilstawaiting the pacing response from the target node.

The sending node 140 may also include a chunk transmitting component 515for transmitting a message chunk, which may or may not include anapplied pacing response indicator, and a message transmitting component517 for transmitting an entire transaction message if it is below thethreshold size.

The sending node 140 may also include a work balance component 150 fordetermining when to apply a pacing response indicator to a message chunkbased on the current demand on the network connection by tasks in thework queue.

The work balance component 150 may include a queue monitoring component521 for monitoring the depth of the work queue at the sending nodedynamically, a chunk monitoring component 522 for monitoring a number ofchunks sent consecutively in for a message. The work balance component150 may include a balancing component 523 for applying a balancing rulebalancing the queue depth and the number of chunks already sent for amessage. The work balance component 150 may include a configurationcomponent 525 for setting and altering the thresholds used by thebalancing rule of the balancing component 523 including the work queuedepth threshold and the maximum number of consecutive chunks for amessage. The work balance component 150 may include a pacing responsesetting component 524 for setting a pacing response for a message chunk,if required.

According to an embodiment of the present invention there is provided amethod for balancing work of tasks at a sending node of a transactionserver in a network, comprising: processing a task from the top of awork queue at the sending node, wherein a task is an instance of atransaction which requires a transaction message to be sent from thesending node using a network connection; dividing the transactionmessage into chunks of partial transaction sub-messages; and for eachchunk, dynamically determining if a pacing response indicator isrequired based on metrics that monitor the activity in the work queueand a number of chunks of the transaction message already sent.

This can enabling the method to determine if the network connection isin demand and adjusting the frequency of pacing response indicatorsbased on the demand.

The method may include setting a pacing response indictor for a chunk ifa pacing response indicator is required, and suspending the task until apacing response is received allowing a next task to be processed fromthe work queue.

Dynamically determining if a pacing response indicator is required mayinclude determining a balance between a current depth of the work queue,a maximum number of chunks that a task is allowed to transmitconsecutively, and a number of chunks of the transaction message alreadysent. Determining a balance may include increasing a frequency of pacingresponse indicators for chunks when there is a high current depth of thework queue.

Determining a balance may include determining that there are no waitingtasks in the work queue and transmitting the current chunk without apacing response indicator. Alternatively, determining a balance mayinclude determining that the current depth of the work queue is notempty and is below a queue threshold, determining how many chunks of thetransaction message have been sent since a past pacing wait and, if thisis below the maximum number of chunks that a task is allowed to transmitconsecutively, sending the current chunk without a pacing responseindicator. If the number of chunks of the transaction message that havebeen sent since a past pacing wait is not below the maximum number ofchunks that a task is allowed to transmit consecutively, the method mayinclude sending the current chunk with a pacing response indicator, andsuspending the current task until a pacing response is received.Determining a balance may include determining that the current depth ofthe work queue is above a queue threshold, wherein the method may sendthe current chunk with a pacing response indicator, and suspending thecurrent task until a pacing response is received.

The method may include a pre-processing step of determining if atransaction message is below a threshold size and, if so, sending thetransaction message as a whole message without breaking the transactionmessage into chunks.

The maximum number of chunks that a task is allowed to transmitconsecutively may be configurable. The queue threshold may also beconfigurable.

According to an embodiment of the present invention there is provided asystem for balancing work of tasks at a sending node of a transactionserver in a network, comprising a processor and a memory configured toprovide computer program instructions to the processor to execute thefunction of the following components: a task processing component forprocessing a task from the top of a work queue at the sending node,wherein a task is an instance of a transaction which requires atransaction message to be sent from the sending node using a networkconnection; a chunking component for dividing the transaction messageinto chunks of partial transaction sub-messages; and a work balancecomponent, for each chunk, dynamically determining if a pacing responseindicator is required based on metrics that monitor the activity in thework queue and a number of chunks of the transaction message alreadysent.

The system may include a pacing response setting component for setting apacing response indictor for a chunk if a pacing response indicator isrequired. The system may also include a suspending component, wherein ifa pacing response indicator is set, suspending the task until a pacingresponse is received allowing a next task to be processed from the workqueue.

The work balance component for dynamically determining if a pacingresponse indicator is required may include a balancing component fordetermining a balance between a current depth of the work queue, amaximum number of chunks that a task is allowed to transmitconsecutively, and the number of chunks of the transaction messagealready sent. The balancing component for determining a balance mayinclude increasing a frequency of pacing response indicators for chunkswhen there is a high current depth of the work queue.

The work balancing component may include a queue monitoring componentincluding an empty queue determining component for determining thatthere are no waiting tasks in the work queue. The work balancingcomponent may further include a queue monitoring component including aqueue threshold component for determining that the current depth of thework queue is not empty and is above or below a queue threshold. Thework balancing component may also include a chunk monitoring componentfor determining how many chunks of the transaction message have beensent since a past pacing wait and if this is below the maximum number ofchunks that a task is allowed to transmit consecutively.

The system may include a chunk transmitting component for sending thecurrent chunk with or without a pacing response indicator.

The system may include a transaction message size component fordetermining if a transaction message is below a threshold size and, ifso, sending the transaction message as a whole message without breakingthe transaction message into chunks. A message transmitting componentmay be provided for sending a transaction message.

The system may include a configuration component for configuring amaximum number of chunks that a task is allowed to transmitconsecutively and a queue threshold.

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided acomputer program product for balancing work of tasks at a sending nodeof a transaction server in a network, the computer program productcomprising a computer readable storage medium having programinstructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable bya processor to cause the processor to: process a task from the top of awork queue at the sending node, wherein a task is an instance of atransaction which requires a transaction message to be sent from thesending node using a network connection; divide the transaction messageinto chunks of partial transaction sub-messages; and for each chunk,dynamically determine if a pacing response indicator is required basedon metrics that monitor the activity in the work queue and a number ofchunks of the transaction message already sent.

The computer program product may dynamically determine if a pacingresponse indicator is required includes determining a balance between acurrent depth of the work queue, a maximum number of chunks that a taskis allowed to transmit consecutively, and a number of chunks of thetransaction message already sent.

Embodiments can be utilized to allow a sending node to decide when torequest a pacing response based on the current activity of the networkconnection that it is using.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a schematic of an example of a system 600 inthe form of a computer system or server is shown.

A computer system or server 612 may be operational with numerous othergeneral purpose or special purpose computing system environments orconfigurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments,and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computersystem/server 612 include, but are not limited to, personal computersystems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-heldor laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems,set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs,minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloudcomputing environments that include any of the above systems or devices,and the like.

Computer system/server 612 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 612 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage devices.

In FIG. 6, a computer system/server 612 is shown in the form of ageneral-purpose computing device. The components of the computersystem/server 612 may include, but are not limited to, one or moreprocessors or processing units 616, a system memory 628, and a bus 618that couples various system components including system memory 628 toprocessor 616.

Bus 618 represents one or more of any of several types of busstructures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus usingany of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and notlimitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture(ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA)bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, andPeripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 612 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 612, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 628 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 630 and/or cachememory 632. Computer system/server 612 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 634 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media(not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, amagnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable,non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical diskdrive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile opticaldisk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided.In such instances, each can be connected to bus 618 by one or more datamedia interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below,memory 628 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g.,at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out thefunctions of embodiments of the invention.

Program/utility 640, having a set (at least one) of program modules 642,may be stored in memory 628 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. Program modules 642 generally carry out the functionsand/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as describedherein.

Computer system/server 612 may also communicate with one or moreexternal devices 614 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display624, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact withcomputer system/server 612; and/or any devices (e.g., network card,modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 612 to communicate withone or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur viaInput/Output (I/O) interfaces 622. Still yet, computer system/server 612can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network(LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g.,the Internet) via network adapter 620. As depicted, network adapter 620communicates with the other components of computer system/server 612 viabus 618. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardwareand/or software components could be used in conjunction with computersystem/server 612. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode,device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays,RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product at any possible technical detail level of integration.The computer program product may include a computer readable storagemedium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereonfor causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, oreither source code or object code written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The computer readable program instructions may executeentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including,for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gatearrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute thecomputer readable program instructions by utilizing state information ofthe computer readable program instructions to personalize the electroniccircuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of theorder noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

Cloud Computing

It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes adetailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachingsrecited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather,embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented inconjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 7, illustrative cloud computing environment 750 isdepicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 750 comprises one ormore cloud computing nodes 600 with which local computing devices usedby cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant(PDA) or cellular telephone 754A, desktop computer 754B, laptop computer754C, and/or automobile computer system 754N may communicate. Nodes 600may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown)physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private,Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or acombination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment 750 tooffer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which acloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. It is understood that the types of computing devices 754A-Nshown in FIG. 7 are intended to be illustrative only and that computingnodes 600 and cloud computing environment 750 can communicate with anytype of computerized device over any type of network and/or networkaddressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 8, a set of functional abstraction layers providedby cloud computing environment 750 (FIG. 7) is shown. It should beunderstood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shownin FIG. 8 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of theinvention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers andcorresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 860 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 861;RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 862;servers 863; blade servers 864; storage devices 865; and networks andnetworking components 866. In some embodiments, software componentsinclude network application server software 867 and database software868.

Virtualization layer 870 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers871; virtual storage 872; virtual networks 873, including virtualprivate networks; virtual applications and operating systems 874; andvirtual clients 875.

In one example, management layer 880 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning 881 provides dynamic procurement ofcomputing resources and other resources that are utilized to performtasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 882provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloudcomputing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal 883 provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management 884provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such thatrequired service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planningand fulfillment 885 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of,cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipatedin accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 890 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation 891; software development and lifecycle management 892;virtual classroom education delivery 893; data analytics processing 894;and transaction processing 895 including work balancing at a transactionserver 896.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

Improvements and modifications can be made to the foregoing withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention.

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 12. A system for balancing work of tasks at a sending node ofa transaction server in a network, the system comprising: a memoryhaving computer readable instructions; and a processor for executing thecompute readable instructions, the computer readable instructionsincluding: processing a task from the top of a work queue at the sendingnode, wherein a task is an instance of a transaction which requires atransaction message to be sent from the sending node using a networkconnection; dividing the transaction message into chunks of partialtransaction sub-messages; and for each chunk, dynamically determiningwhether a pacing response indicator is required based on metrics thatmonitor the activity in the work queue and a number of chunks of thetransaction message already sent.
 13. The system of claim 12, whereinthe computer readable instructions further include setting a pacingresponse indictor for a chunk if a pacing response indicator isrequired, and suspending the task until a pacing response is receivedallowing a next task to be processed from the work queue.
 14. The systemof claim 12, wherein the dynamically determining whether a pacingresponse indicator is required includes determining a balance between acurrent depth of the work queue, a maximum number of chunks that a taskis allowed to transmit consecutively, and a number of chunks of thetransaction message already sent.
 15. The system of claim 14, whereinthe determining a balance includes increasing a frequency of pacingresponse indicators for chunks when there is a high current depth of thework queue.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the determining abalance includes determining that there are no waiting tasks in the workqueue and transmitting the current chunk without a pacing responseindicator.
 17. The system of claim 14, wherein the maximum number ofchunks that a task is allowed to transmit consecutively is configurable.18. The system of claim 14, wherein the determining a balance includesdetermining that the current depth of the work queue is not empty and isbelow a queue threshold, determining how many chunks of the transactionmessage have been sent since a past pacing wait and, based on the numberof chunks being below the maximum number of chunks that a task isallowed to transmit consecutively, sending the current chunk without apacing response indicator.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein based onthe number of chunks of the transaction message that have been sentsince a past pacing wait being below the maximum number of chunks that atask is allowed to transmit consecutively, the computer instructionsfurther include sending the current chunk with a pacing responseindicator, and suspending the current task until a pacing response isreceived.
 20. A computer program product for balancing work of tasks ata sending node of a transaction server in a network, the computerprogram product comprising a computer readable storage medium havingprogram instructions embodied therewith, the program instructionsexecutable by a processor to cause the processor to: process a task fromthe top of a work queue at the sending node, wherein a task is aninstance of a transaction which requires a transaction message to besent from the sending node using a network connection; divide thetransaction message into chunks of partial transaction sub-messages; andfor each chunk, dynamically determine whether a pacing responseindicator is required based on metrics that monitor the activity in thework queue and a number of chunks of the transaction message alreadysent.